Iso Kaivoneva and Karhukangas

Iso Kaivoneva is the largest marsh area in the Geopark area developed on spring water. The extent of the swamp is nearly 600 hectares, and it is located in the upper part of the southern slope of the Karhukanka glacial river formation. Harhukangas mainly consists of coarse gravel and sand, but its surface parts are covered by a large-scale, dense water-retaining hill clay moraine, which prevents the waters of the swamp from draining into the giant river formation.

The area of ​​Iso Kaivoneva was initially forested, but swamping started about 8,000 years ago. In the swamp, you can find bogs and turtle oases. Iso Kaivoneva has a clear hummock and hollow surface structure typical of raised bogs. The maximum thickness of the peat layers is 3.1 meters. The swamp has numerous water-surface springs and a considerable size pond, Kaivojärvi, which is relatively clear-water and partially sandy.

Karhukangas is the area with the thickest known soil in the region, the thickness of the soil cover is up to 95 meters. The old tar transport route Kaupunkitie ("Town road") follows the ridge of Karhukangas.